GLOSSARY
Mention
The presence of an entity in a system output through its name, brand, product or another identifying sign. A mention does not by itself mean favourable context, citation, recommendation, accuracy or commercial outcome.
Citation
An output's traceable reliance on a particular source through a visible link, source name, document identifier or equivalent reference. Citation alone does not establish that the source is independent or that its claim is true.
Recommendation
A system's presentation of an option, entity, product or action in relation to a user's need. Recommendation is distinct from visibility and citation, and does not guarantee a sale.
Attribution
The act of relating an observed outcome to a contact, channel, system or intervention. A causal attribution requires a baseline, comparison, time period, method and consideration of alternative explanations.
Evidence
A record that supports a specified claim within a defined scope, date, provenance, method and confidence level. The existence of evidence does not justify a conclusion broader than the evidence can bear.
Normative definition
A verifiable definition that distinguishes what does and does not constitute an error, requirement or decision within its stated scope.
Representation
Meaning produced by a human or machine about an entity's identity, characteristics, authority, relationships, performance, scope, time or value.
Accurate representation
A representation whose claim is proportionate to its evidence, whose scope and time are visible, whose uncertainty is not concealed, and which remains open to challenge and correction.
Machine surface
A technical representation layer consumable outside or alongside a human interface, including an API, structured-data object, feed, file, metadata field, header, sitemap or robots directive.
Canonical page
A technical relationship indicating the preferred URL in a group of pages. A canonical signal does not guarantee that the content is correct, accessible, processed or selected.
Language–region code
A value identifying a content language and, where relevant, its region—for example tr, en-GB or de-DE. The code does not establish that the translation is accurate or that locale editions are materially equivalent.
Crawler
An automated software client that requests and processes web resources. Crawler names, purposes, access models and treatment of robots directives differ.
Processing
Retrieving, parsing, executing or transforming a resource into a representable output. Being accessible is not the same as being processed correctly.
Conformity
The satisfaction by a defined object, in a defined scope and period, of specified requirements under an evidenced decision rule. Conformity is not synonymous with fame, quality, market leadership or an outcome guarantee.
First-party attestation
A conformity statement made by the person or organisation that provides the object being assessed. Its scope and method may be transparent, but that does not make it third-party certification.
Third-party certification
Attestation issued, within a defined conformity-assessment programme, by a body independent of both the provider and user interest. No self-assessment in this book acquires that status merely by being published.
Appeal
A mechanism with defined authority, time limit, record and outcome through which the basis of a finding, score, scope or decision can be reconsidered.
Withdrawal
An authorised and traceable declaration that a decision, mark or claim is no longer valid. Silent removal alone does not correct the historical record of the former misrepresentation.
SOURCE NOTES
Last primary-source verification: 16 August 2026
Use rule: Each source supports only the stated external fact or boundary. The original normative provisions of the GEO Framework are not attributed to these institutions.
K01 — OpenAI / OAI-SearchBot
Institution: OpenAI
Title: Publishers and Developers — FAQ
URL: K01 — primary source
Last verified: 16 August 2026
Relevant records: GEO-046, GEO-082, GEO-083
Supported boundary: Access by OAI-SearchBot may help a site be discovered for ChatGPT search; access does not guarantee appearance, citation, recommendation or a commercial outcome.
K02 — OpenAI / ChatGPT Search
Institution: OpenAI
Title: ChatGPT Search
URL: K02 — primary source
Last verified: 16 August 2026
Relevant records: GEO-031, GEO-082, GEO-083
Supported boundary: ChatGPT search can use web searches when appropriate. This product behaviour must not be generalised as immutable behaviour of every model and interface.
K03 — Google / Generative search features
Institution: Google Search Central
Title: Optimizing Your Website for Generative AI Features on Google Search
URL: K03 — primary source
Last verified: 16 August 2026
Relevant records: GEO-006, GEO-040, GEO-050, GEO-054, GEO-082, GEO-083
Supported boundary: Established SEO fundamentals continue to apply to Google's generative search features; Google does not identify a special “GEO schema” or guaranteed route to visibility.
K04 — Google / JavaScript processing
Institution: Google Search Central
Title: Understand the JavaScript SEO Basics
URL: K04 — primary source
Last verified: 16 August 2026
Relevant records: GEO-049, GEO-052
Supported boundary: JavaScript content can be processed, while blocked resources, rendering failures and contradictory technical signals can cause access or indexing problems. The source does not support the categorical claim that JavaScript is never read.
K05 — Google / Canonical URL
Institution: Google Search Central
Title: How to Specify a Canonical with rel="canonical" and Other Methods
URL: K05 — primary source
Last verified: 16 August 2026
Relevant records: GEO-039, GEO-052, GEO-059
Supported boundary: A canonical signal indicates a preference among duplicate or similar pages. It does not perform hreflang's function and does not guarantee processing or selection.
K06 — Google / Localised versions
Institution: Google Search Central
Title: Tell Google About Localized Versions of Your Page
URL: K06 — primary source
Last verified: 16 August 2026
Relevant records: GEO-052, GEO-056, GEO-059, GEO-061
Supported boundary: Language and regional variants may be declared with complete URLs and reciprocal hreflang links. Hreflang does not guarantee correct content, indexing or delivery to a user.
K07 — Anthropic / Crawler distinction
Institution: Anthropic
Title: Does Anthropic Crawl Data from the Web, and How Can Site Owners Block the Crawler?
URL: K07 — primary source
Last verified: 16 August 2026
Relevant records: GEO-046, GEO-047, GEO-048
Supported boundary: Different bot names and functions may be used for model development, search and user-directed access. The assumption of a single undifferentiated “AI bot” is incorrect.
K08 — Perplexity / Crawler distinction
Institution: Perplexity
Title: Perplexity Crawlers
URL: K08 — primary source
Last verified: 16 August 2026
Relevant records: GEO-046, GEO-047, GEO-048
Supported boundary: PerplexityBot and Perplexity-User do not perform the same function. Robots, network and security policies should not be interpreted through one rule without considering crawler purpose.
K09 — NIST / AI Risk Management Framework
Institution: National Institute of Standards and Technology
Document: Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0), NIST AI 100-1
Published: 26 January 2023
URL: K09 — primary source
Last verified: 16 August 2026
Relevant records: GEO-073, GEO-074, GEO-077, GEO-085, GEO-089, GEO-091–096, GEO-099
Supported boundary: AI risk management should document governance, roles and responsibilities, human oversight, measurement uncertainty, test scope, regular monitoring and lifecycle practice. The NIST AI RMF is voluntary and is not identical to the GEO Framework.
K10 — NIST / Prompt injection
Institution: National Institute of Standards and Technology
Document: Adversarial Machine Learning: A Taxonomy and Terminology of Attacks and Mitigations, NIST AI 100-2e2025
Published: March 2025
URL: K10 — primary source
Last verified: 16 August 2026
Terminology record: K10 — NIST terminology record
Relevant records: GEO-064, GEO-068
Supported boundary: Prompt injection is an attack class in which untrusted input undesirably influences a higher-trust instruction chain. Current mitigations do not guarantee complete protection against every attack technique.
K11 — ISO/IEC 17000:2020
Institution: ISO / IEC
Title: Conformity Assessment — Vocabulary and General Principles
Published: May 2020; corrected version December 2020
URL: K11 — primary source
Last verified: 16 August 2026
Relevant records: GEO-085, GEO-087, GEO-089, GEO-096–099
Supported boundary: Conformity assessment uses established terms and functions for demonstrating fulfilment of specified requirements. The book's self-assessment system is not independent certification.
K12 — ISO/IEC 17029:2019
Institution: ISO / IEC
Title: Conformity Assessment — General Principles and Requirements for Validation and Verification Bodies
Published: October 2019; confirmed current in 2025
URL: K12 — primary source
Last verified: 16 August 2026
Relevant records: GEO-020, GEO-024, GEO-085, GEO-088, GEO-096
Supported boundary: Validation of whether a claim is plausible for an intended future use, and verification of whether it is truthfully stated, depend on competence, consistency and impartiality.
K13 — ISO/CASCO / First- and third-party distinction
Institution: ISO Committee on Conformity Assessment
Title: Attestations of Conformity
URL: K13 — primary source
Last verified: 16 August 2026
Relevant records: GEO-075, GEO-076, GEO-087, GEO-096, GEO-097, GEO-099
Supported boundary: A provider's own declaration is first-party attestation; certification is independent third-party attestation. Use of a mark must not mislead its recipient.
K14 — ISO/IEC 17030:2021
Institution: ISO / IEC
Title: Conformity Assessment — General Requirements for Third-Party Marks of Conformity
Published: September 2021
URL: K14 — primary source
Last verified: 16 August 2026
Relevant records: GEO-087, GEO-097, GEO-098
Supported boundary: Third-party marks of conformity, including digital and machine-readable forms, rest on a defined conformity-assessment programme and surveillance function.
K15 — ISO/CASCO / Certification bodies
Institution: ISO Committee on Conformity Assessment
Title: Certification Bodies
URL: K15 — primary source
Last verified: 16 August 2026
Relevant records: GEO-076, GEO-087, GEO-096–098
Supported boundary: Product, process and service certification separates impartiality, decisions, records, surveillance, change, termination, scope reduction, suspension, withdrawal, complaints and appeals.
K16 — ISO/IEC 17007:2026
Institution: ISO / IEC
Title: Conformity Assessment — Guidance for Drafting Normative Documents Suitable for Use for Conformity Assessment
Published: February 2026
URL: K16 — primary source
Last verified: 16 August 2026
Relevant records: GEO-099
Supported boundary: Normative documents intended for conformity assessment should contain clear, concise and applicable provisions. The GEO Framework's external-review rule remains original and is not equated with this source.
K17 — ISO / Normative language and standards-development principles
Institution: ISO
Title: Foreword — Supplementary Information
URL: K17 — primary source
Last verified: 16 August 2026
Relevant records: GEO-020, GEO-085, GEO-099
Supported boundary: Requirement, recommendation and permission language serve different functions; transparency, openness, impartiality, consensus, relevance and effectiveness are important principles in standards development.
VERSION AND CORRECTION RECORD
Version 1.0.0 — 16 August 2026. First canonical English publication. Scope: GEO-001–GEO-099, front matter, source notes and back matter. Previous version: none. Decision effect: initial publication lock. Backward compatibility: not applicable.
Canonical human edition: https://noblejackal.com/geo-99-errors/ — Canonical machine edition: https://noblejackal.com/geo-99-errors/1.0.0/book.json
Every publication version should disclose:
- version number;
- publication date;
- previous version;
- changed GEO records;
- reason for change;
- source updates;
- effect on decisions;
- backward-compatibility status; and
- appeal or error-record link.
A silent correction is permissible only for non-substantive defects such as spelling or a broken link. Any change to a definition, scope, severity, test, evidence requirement or decision must be versioned.
Final reader check
Before closing the book, every reader, organisation and auditor should be able to ask:
- Whose claim is this?
- What is the evidence?
- Within which scope and period is it valid?
- What remains unknown or untested?
- If it is wrong, who will correct it, who will hear the appeal and what record will remain?
The value of the GEO Framework is measured not by its ability to direct these questions at others, but by its willingness to have them directed at itself.